Research on Current Status and Development Strategy of Manufacturing Welding Production in China
Keywords: China; welding status; development strategy
First, the status of welding production
1 The status and achievements of welding in China's manufacturing industry
1.1 The strategic position of welding manufacturing: (omitted)
1.2 The main achievements of welding manufacturing: (omitted)
2 China's welding materials production status
2.1 Status
The production of welding consumables in a country can reflect the overall level of welding technology in the country. It can be clearly seen from Figure 1 that the production of welding consumables in China is generally in line with the growth of steel. In the past seven years, the output has doubled. Only the welding rods and welding wires have been counted. The output in 1996 was 629,600 tons, which was developed in 2002. It has reached 1.49 million tons. If imported welding consumables are added, the total consumption will reach 1.47 million tons, making it the world's largest producer and consumer of welding consumables. However, from the perspective of the composition of different welding consumables, the problems will be apparent. Table 1 shows the statistical results of welding material production in the past 7 years. The production of welding rods by hand welding in China's welding consumables has always accounted for more than 75%, and the total amount of various welding wires required for mechanization and automated welding is less than 25%. According to the calculation of deposited metal, the mechanization and automation rate of welding in China can only reach 40.1% in 2002, while the industrialized countries in the world generally have 60%-70%. It can be seen that the welding production in China is generally low. This is enough to show that China is only a big country of welding, and it is far from being a strong country of welding.
It can be seen from the statistics that in recent years, China's wire production is developing rapidly. For example, the solid welding wire for gas shielded welding (MAG) has increased nearly four times from 1996 to 2003, and the quality has also improved significantly. At present, it can meet more than 90% of domestic demand; and the advanced flux-cored wire has a unique process. Performance, the output has increased nearly 31 times in 7 years, becoming the fastest growing welding consumables in China. From the past, mainly relying on imports, more than 50% of the flux-cored wire used in domestic applications is produced by itself, and there are a small number of exports, as shown in Figure 2. There are 29 manufacturers of flux cored wire in the country, and 48 production lines, including 21 imported production lines and 27 domestically produced (including 3 manufactured in Taiwan). It is conservatively estimated that according to the average annual production capacity of 500 tons of welding wire per production line, China's flux-cored wire production will still have a large room for growth in the near future.
Submerged arc welding is mostly used in the manufacture of ships, pressure vessels, pipes and steel structural parts. The output of submerged arc welding wire in China has also increased significantly in recent years, but it only accounts for about 5.5% of the total amount of welding consumables. The proportion of submerged arc welding wire in industrialized countries is generally between 8-10%.
2.2 The main problems
(1) The proportion of manual welding rods in the production of welding consumables in China is high, which makes the ratio of total production of welding consumables to total steel production in China high. Taking 2002 as an example, the total amount of welding consumables (calculated only for welding rods and welding wires) was 1.449 million tons, while steel production was 185 million tons, a ratio of 0.78%. The proportion of industrialized countries is generally between 0.3-0.5%, while that of developing countries is between 0.5-0.8%. According to the 1999 statistics, the ratios of different countries and regions are listed in Table 2. It can be seen that the proportion of manual electrode production in the United States, Japan and Europe is low, and an average of less than 400,000 tons of welding consumables per 100 million tons of steel is required. However, due to the high proportion of manual welding rods in China, 780,000 tons of welding consumables are required for every 100 million tons of steel. , twice as high as industrial developed countries. It must also be noted that there are more than 250 welding rod factories that have obtained production licenses in China, which are scattered throughout the country, but large-scale enterprises or enterprise groups are mainly concentrated in Tianjin, Shanghai, Zigong and Zhuzhou. The total production capacity of the national electrode exceeds 1.5 million tons. According to the electrode factory, the current sales of the electrode market is still optimistic. This may be due to the large number of construction projects in various places, and the amount of welding work installed on site is heavy. In addition, the majority of township and village enterprises still rely on manual welding of welding rods, making the demand for welding rods high. Therefore, the proportion of welding rods and the ratio of welding consumables/steel are unlikely to decrease significantly in the short term. This will have a negative impact on the rational application of China's resources, manpower, material resources, and capacity, as well as the rapid increase in welding production efficiency.
(2) Although the output of welding consumables in China is the highest in the world, there are few varieties, especially the lack of high-quality welding materials of stainless steel, heat-resistant steel, low-temperature steel and high-strength steel. Tables 3 and 4 respectively show the comparison between the varieties of solid wire and flux cored wire produced in China and the number of products of some famous foreign companies. It can be seen that the variety of welding wire produced in China is not as good as that of a foreign company. Moreover, in addition to ordinary carbon steel welding rods, the welding materials produced in China are not as good as those of foreign countries. The reasons for this situation are more complicated, but one thing is certain. The government, universities, and research institutes have paid insufficient attention to research and development of new welding materials, especially general welding materials with a large amount of use. Most universities and research institutes have turned to high-tech fields such as robots, advanced welding power sources, new welding methods, and process control, while the number of units that are still engaged in research on welding materials is rapidly decreasing. If you can't concentrate on a certain scientific research force, it is not enough to rely solely on the strength of the welding material factory. This will not only make the varieties and quality of China's welding materials unable to meet the domestic market demand, but also the gap with foreign countries in the basic theory, the number of new welding consumables and testing technology, production equipment, and raw and auxiliary materials that can be used. Increase.
2.3 Lessons to learn from
From Japan's experience in the development of welding materials after World War II, some useful experiences can be learned. During the post-war Japanese economic recovery period, welding played an important role, especially with the development of the steel industry and the shipbuilding industry, the output of welding materials also increased rapidly. By 1972-1973, Japan's welding consumables reached an all-time high, close to 600,000 tons, as shown in Figure 3. However, the first oil crisis in the world in 1972 had a huge impact on the Japanese economy. The shipbuilding industry was the first to bear the brunt, and the output of welding consumables plummeted. During this difficult period, Japanese welding workers proposed to promote high-efficiency CO2 gas protection semi-automatic welding instead of electrode manual welding to reduce production costs and improve the international competitiveness of products. This strategic measure has played a major role. Since then, the production of solid wire has increased rapidly. However, in practice, it was found that the solid welding wire CO2 gas shielded welding was not satisfactory in the overall position welding of the shipbuilding; then, it promoted the Japanese welding industry to attach importance to the absorption of American technology and vigorously carried out research on flux cored wire. Since the 1980s, Japan's production of flux-cored wire has accelerated and has dominated the shipbuilding industry. After entering the 1990s, the Japanese economy gradually declined, and the total output of welding consumables also decreased, from 405,000 tons in 1990 to 286,900 tons in 1999. In the past 10 years, the most significant changes have been made mainly of solid wire and flux cored wire. That is to say, in the 10 years of Japan's economic recession, the proportion of flux-cored wire continued to increase, and in 1993 exceeded the production of welding rods, reflecting the good development prospects of flux-cored wire. At the same time, it can be seen that the proportion of welding rods in Japan decreased from 58% in 1980 to less than 20% in 1999.
Looking back at the development of the Japanese welding consumables industry, China should draw useful experience from it. At the same time, it should be noted that Japan's welding technology transformation is often in the difficult stage of economic development or the international competition is fierce, and these transformations do play a vital role. We should pay special attention to this point.
3 Production and application of welding equipment in China
3.1 Production and application of electric welding machine
Since the reform and opening up, China's electric welding machine industry has changed from the original planned economic system to the current system of adapting to the market economy. The production of electric welding machines has changed from the state-owned enterprises to the joint ventures. Joint-stock enterprises and private enterprises are the mainstays. The national welding equipment production in 2000 and 2001 is listed in Table 5. It can be seen from the table that the output of AC and DC arc welding machines for manual welding accounts for 77%-80% of the total output (number of units), which is equivalent to the ratio of the welding rods in the welding materials. However, in our 100 companies mainly related to welding production, the average configuration of electric welding machines is about 1/3 of the manual welding DC, AC welding machine and gas shielded welding machine (see Figure 4). ). In recent years, due to the high efficiency of CO2 gas shielded welding, the supply of welders and welding wires is sufficient, the quality is stable, and the speed of popularization is significantly accelerated. However, the output of the welding machine and the ratio of the welding machine of the enterprise are not sufficient to reflect the current status of the welding of the enterprise, because the number of welding machines cannot reflect the utilization rate. The proportion of the company's annual consumption of welding materials can reflect the actual status of welding technology. Although China's overall welding mechanization and automation rate are still relatively low, from the ratio of welding wire and electrode consumption of 100 large, medium and medium-sized enterprises, it can be said that these enterprises have placed an important role in improving welding efficiency. As can be seen from Figure 5, the medium-sized enterprises have the highest proportion of gas-shielded welding wire, reaching 72%, and the amount of welding rods is small (11%); while the large-scale enterprises use relatively high amounts of welding rods, about 38%; The large shipyard) has a relatively high amount of flux cored wire, accounting for about 17%. These 100 companies use less than 50% of the electrode, indicating that these companies are gradually replacing the electrode by hand with high-efficiency CO2 or Ar+CO2 gas shielded welding. This statistical result can reflect the current status of welding in major enterprises in China.
The comprehensive promotion of CO2 or Ar+CO2 gas protection semi-automatic welding instead of welding rod manual welding is the main direction of the current domestic enterprise welding technology transformation, which is the basis for further mechanization automation of welding production. According to the survey results, the situation in different industries is different in this respect, as shown in Figure 6. From the figure, three echelons can be clearly distinguished, with the automotive parts, container and construction machinery industries as the best, basically all using gas shielded welding; and the proportion of general machinery, railway vehicles and heavy machinery industry is more than 50%; In the shipbuilding, boiler and metal structure industries, the proportion of CO2 gas shielded welding is relatively low due to the large amount of submerged arc automatic welding.
Continued vigorous promotion of CO2 gas shielded welding on the surface is an important task for China's welding industry in the future. Only the amount of CO2 gas shielded welding is greatly increased nationwide, in order to comprehensively improve China's welding efficiency and reduce production costs; The output and the ratio of welding consumables to steel can be used to lay the necessary foundation for the mechanization and automation of the welding production process. This is the new requirement for the future development of the welding machine industry.
However, although China produces more than 200,000 sets of welders per year, most of them are common type, and the development speed of new high-performance welding power supplies is relatively slow. Every year, China still needs to import more advanced welding equipment from abroad. The total value of imports and the total production value of domestic welding machines are roughly equal. This is mainly due to the large number of electric welder factories in China, but the scale is small, and large-scale enterprise groups have not yet formed. This is not the same as welding consumables. Table 5 only lists the statistical results of 40 major electric welding machine factories in China, and there are more than one hundred welding equipment factories in China. Except for some large domestic manufacturers with certain development capabilities and several joint ventures or wholly-owned enterprises relying mainly on the technology of foreign parent companies, most welding equipment plants lack the strength to develop high-performance new products. At present, the leading electric welding machine industry in China is mainly a few joint ventures, and foreign technology has a dominant position. This situation is very disproportionate with China as one of the world's largest welding powers and is moving towards a strong welding country. In order to strengthen the independent development capability of China's electric welding machines as soon as possible, government planning, guidance and funding are indispensable. In the future, China should focus on the development of welders with more functions, better performance and higher efficiency, especially gas shielded welders.
3.2 Application of welding robot
The application of welding robots in China's manufacturing industry is mainly after the 1990s (individual enterprises in the mid-1980s), and has experienced the exploration stage. The number of welding robots has increased rapidly in the past five years, especially in the automobile manufacturing industry. According to statistics from 2001, there are 1040 welding robots in various types in the country, among which arc welding robots are more than spot welding robots. Welding robots in automobile manufacturing and auto parts manufacturing enterprises account for 76% of all welding robots. The main user. There are many spot welding robots in automobile manufacturers, and there are fewer arc welding robots; there are more arc welding robots in parts factories and fewer spot welding robots. The total ratio of spot welding to arc welding in this industry is approximately 3:2. Other industries are mostly arc welding robots, mainly distributed in engineering machinery (10%), motorcycles (6%), railway vehicles (4%), boilers (1%) and other industries. Welding robots are distributed in various economic regions of the country, but mainly concentrated in the eastern coastal and northeastern regions. The two automobile cities in Shanghai in the east and Changchun in the northeast are the cities with the largest number of welding robots in China. The distribution of welding robots in China is uneven and not wide enough. In the future, we should focus on expanding the application field and making welding robots available in more industries.
Since the 1980s, China has been conducting research on industrial robots in universities and research institutes. In the past 20 years, it has achieved many results. However, because it has not been associated with enterprises, it has not been able to form a large-scale industry for a long time. At present, apart from a Sino-Japanese joint venture robot company based on assembly, industrial robots with independent intellectual property rights are mainly produced by universities or research institutes, and have not yet been able to form batches. Therefore, more than 90% of the welding robots equipped by Chinese enterprises are imported from well-known robot manufacturers in the world. In the past 10 years, the price of imported robots has been greatly reduced, from $70,000 to $30,000 to $30,000, making it difficult for ordinary industrial robots made in China to compete with them. In particular, in the early days of developing robots in China, the corresponding parts and components industry was not developed simultaneously, so that the robots produced required imported parts and components, making it difficult to reduce the price.
Japan began to develop industrial robots in the mid-to-late 70s of the last century. After 15 years, it became the world's most powerful and widely used "world kingdom" for industrial robots. Japan's industrial robots were developed on the basis of several companies that originally had robot-related technologies. For example, FANUC originally produced CNC equipment, YASKAWA was originally a servo motor, and PANASONIC was originally a famous electric appliance manufacturer. Together with colleges and universities, they will soon be able to form the scale production capacity of industrial robots, and the government will use policies and funds to support enterprises to expand the application of industrial robots, which has promoted the rapid development of the Japanese robot industry. We should learn from all aspects of the successful experience of the entire process of developing robots in Japan.
There are currently three different paths in the development of the industrial robot industry in the world:
(1) Robot manufacturers are mainly engaged in the development of new types of robots and mass production of high-quality products. The complete sets of robots required by various industries are generally designed and manufactured by their subsidiaries or social engineering companies, and turnkey projects are completed. Called the "Japanese model");
(2) The robot manufacturer itself produces the robot and designs and manufactures the system required by the user to complete the turnkey project (temporarily referred to as the "European model");
(3) The country does not produce general industrial robots. The robot system required by the company is designed and manufactured by the engineering company using imported robots to complete the turnkey project (provisionally called “American modelâ€).
At present, China needs to study the problem of what path our robot industry should take. We believe that we should start with the "American model" and gradually approach the "Japanese model" when conditions are ripe. Fortunately, China has formed a number of welding automation system integration engineering companies, which can complete the design, equipment integration and technical consultation of welding robot workstations. Nearly 20% of the welding robot workstations used in China are imported robots imported by Chinese engineers in China, and are integrated with self-designed peripherals. However, most of the more complex welding robot production lines or welding FMS also need a full set of imports from abroad. In the future, these engineering companies should be promoted to become bigger and stronger. The government should encourage enterprises to adopt China's own complete set of welding robot systems, and Chinese engineers should further strengthen cooperation and technical exchanges with foreign robot manufacturers and integration companies to make domestic The welding robotic workstations in the welding robot system used are rapidly increasing, which promotes the growth of the robot industry in China.
3.3 Application of special plane
The special plane is a rigid or semi-rigid automated welding equipment, unlike flexible automated welding robots. In the choice, it is necessary to choose whether to use a special plane or a robot according to the production situation of the enterprise and the product requirements. Robots cannot be considered in general as a high level of automation, while special planes are a lower level of automation. According to practical experience, the principles of selection are listed in Table 6.
Most of China's welding special machines are in mass production enterprises, such as welding production lines for refrigerators and air conditioner compressors, automobile welding production lines, pipe production lines, auto parts production lines, and motorcycle parts production lines.
From the statistics of 115 various types of enterprises, there are a total of 1,742 sets of arc welding machines, 80% of which are made in China; while the number of resistance welding machines is only 250, and imports account for 75%, mainly in the automotive industry. In general, the number of welding machines used by Chinese enterprises is still small, indicating that the automation level of welding production is still relatively low. In the future, the promotion of welding special machine applications should be strengthened, and the mechanization automation rate of welding production should be rapidly improved.
3.4 application of positioner
The positioner can make the joint on the workpiece in the ideal ship shape or flat welding position for welding, which is an effective and cheap tool for improving welding efficiency and quality and reducing labor intensity. Enterprises should vigorously promote the application of positioners without entering the stage of automated welding. The general positioner has two rotary axes, both electric and manual. From the survey of 115 companies, there are only 750 welding positioners, 84% of which are made in China. It can be seen that the application of the positioner in Chinese enterprises is still not widespread. Many factories do not have a positioner, and the workpiece is still placed on the ground for welding. However, we also found some typical examples of the application of the positioner in the visit to the factory, such as the Linde forklift factory in Xiamen. The welding workshop of this factory is not high in automation, there is no welding robot, and there is almost no welding machine, but each welding station is equipped with a positioner, a small electric hoist crane and a CO2 gas shielded welder. . The welding shop of this factory can be used as a model for non-automated welding workshops, and their experience should be promoted and promoted. The company makes full use of the advantages of low labor costs in China, and at the same time solves the problems of production efficiency, welding quality and labor intensity with relatively low-cost equipment (displacement machine).
4 Steel quantity of welded structure
4.1 Steel quantity for welded structure
The amount of steel used in the welded structure is an important indicator of the overall level of welding technology in a country. China has long lacked reliable statistics in this area, and has always adopted an estimation method for the amount of steel used in welded structures. There is no reliable basis. In this investigation, we tried to calculate the actual amount of steel used for welding structures in various enterprises across the country. However, due to the small amount of recycling data, it is difficult to directly calculate the amount of steel used. Therefore, it is proposed to calculate the average annual consumption of welding consumables per ton of steel by calculating the ratio of total annual welding material consumption and total steel consumption of 115 enterprises that have returned the questionnaire, and then use the total output of national welding consumables. To estimate the amount of steel used for the welded structure each year. According to the data provided by 115 companies, the current ratio of welding consumables to steel in Chinese enterprises is 1.82%. However, considering that the enterprises that are counted are small and small, most of them are medium-sized and above, and many small enterprises use much more electrode than medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, the ratio is conservatively adjusted to 2%. The total amount of welding materials consumed in China (including imports) in 2002 was calculated at 1.47 million tons. The total amount of weldable steel was about 73.5 million tons, while the steel output in 2002 was 185 million. Therefore, the amount of steel used for welding structures is about steel. 40% of production. It can be seen that the total amount of steel processed by welding in China is greater than other cold and hot processing methods. Even so, we are still behind industrialized countries. The data collected from Japan and the former Soviet Union in the early 1980s when the economy developed rapidly in the past year was summarized and analyzed. The amount of steel used for welding in the former Soviet Union reached 60%, while that in Japan exceeded 70%. Most other developed countries are within this range. China's steel output will continue to grow and is expected to increase to more than 200 million tons in recent years. At the same time, the proportion of steel used for welding structures will gradually reach the target of 60%, and the workload of welding in national economic construction will increase exponentially. Welding technology will usher in a new climax of development. This point should be highly valued by governments at all levels, welding associations, welding associations, universities, research institutes and related companies, and be prepared in advance.
4.2 Main users of steel
The amount of steel used for welding structures in China reached 73.5 million tons in 2002, but it is necessary to further clarify which industries are large steel users. According to the data output and steel quantity data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics and related associations and federations, the amount of steel used in major industries in 1999 is roughly as listed in Table 7. From the table, we can roughly see the steel use in China's major industries. Among them, the metal structure, pipeline, automobile and power station equipment industries are large steel users. The annual steel consumption of each industry is more than 2 million tons, followed by shipbuilding and oil. In the chemical machinery and container industry, each steel used exceeds 1 million tons. The metal structure and pipe industry grew up in the past 7-8 years and quickly became a major steel company in China. However, for a long time, the research and development work in the welding industry has mostly focused on the needs of manufacturing industries such as chemical equipment, power station equipment, metallurgical equipment, ships, aircraft and vehicles, and less attention has been paid to the improvement of these on-site installation welding and field welding techniques. As a result, these on-site and field welding technology levels are still in a relatively backward state, which should be paid enough attention to the relevant parties.
The total amount of steel used in the 15 major industries from the table is only 25.35 million tons, while the steel used in the welded structure was about 50 million tons, and the users of more than 24 million tons of steel were unknown. This point has similar problems in Japan’s statistics. They attribute these steels without exact users to the “trafficking industry†category, while the construction, construction, civil and automotive industries are the largest steel users in Japan. Both are over 4 million tons.
4.3 Number of companies related to welding
The number of enterprises in China that use welding as their main production method is a common concern of the welding industry, but there has not been a relatively accurate data. We learned from the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics that there were 40,675 national machinery manufacturing enterprises in 1999, of which 7312 were closely related to welding, including large, large, medium and small enterprises. The ratio of their quantity to the amount of steel used is as follows:
Extra large enterprises account for 0.2% and consume 15% of steel
Large enterprises account for 12.1% and steel consumption is 40%
The number of medium-sized enterprises accounts for 25.4%, and the steel consumption is 25%.
Small business accounts for 62.3% and steel consumption for 20%
It should be pointed out that since the statistics of the National Bureau of Statistics does not give data on the amount of steel used by enterprises, we calculate the proportion of steel used by enterprises of different scales from the statistical report of the Machinery Industry Federation, and extend this ratio to the national equivalent. Scale of business. It can be seen from these data that the large, medium and medium-sized enterprises, which account for about 1/3 of the total number of enterprises, use 80% of the total steel. In the future, we must pay great attention to the statistics of medium-sized and above enterprises, which can represent the actual level of welding production in China. However, due attention should also be paid to the advancement of welding technology in small enterprises, as they are large in quantity and consume 15 million tons of steel per year.
5 Overview of enterprise welding technicians and welders
People are the most dynamic productivity of enterprises, and enterprises are the carriers of high technology. The competition of enterprises is ultimately the competition of talents, including the innovation ability of technicians and the quality of workers. Therefore, we conducted a sample survey of the situation of enterprise technicians and welding workers. From the data provided by 115 companies, there are a total of 2012 welding engineering technicians and 2,1965 welding workers (including technicians). Their job title ratio is shown in Figure 7. 66% of the company's welding technician team consists of engineers and helpers, while only 1% of the researchers have the highest level of researcher-level work. The qualifications of these welding engineering technicians are as follows:
PhD (only 1 person) 0.05%
Master's degree 1.7%
University undergraduate 52.6%
Junior college 22.9%
Secondary school 12.4%
TV University / NT$8.3%
Other 2.05%
It can be seen that there are too few welding technicians in the enterprise with high academic qualifications and high professional titles. Only one of the 2012 welding technicians has a Ph.D., and less than 2% have a master's degree. There are nearly 100 doctors and hundreds of masters in welding in China every year. However, most enterprises in China lack high-educated, familiar welding engineers and experienced welded structural design engineers. This is a serious problem that cannot be ignored. Due to the nature of the work of the company and the conditions and treatment, most companies are currently more difficult to attract more highly educated talents to work in the enterprise. Even graduates of higher education institutions are willing to go to the factory and insist on staying in the factory to do welding technology. There are not many jobs, and some companies have already had a second talent gap. The reason for this phenomenon is complicated, but it should be said that the excessive publicity of the media in certain industries has a certain external influence on the trend of college students, while the institutions of higher learning pay less attention to the professional education and professional ethics of students. The time to go to the factory during the study period is too short, and the factory production is not known, which is the internal factor that causes this phenomenon. Now it is time to scream that the whole society should pay attention to guiding high-educated and high-quality talents to the front line to exercise and work. In addition, the proportion of secondary school graduates in the welding technicians of the factory is also small (12.4%), because there are fewer students in the society who are willing to go to secondary school. In fact, some of the work in the factory can be done by technicians with secondary education, not necessarily for the technicians who graduated from college. This is also a waste of talent, an abnormal social phenomenon.
It should be noted that since 1998, colleges and universities have cancelled individual thermal processing majors, merged into material processing projects, and implemented generalist education. However, what is needed for companies is the ability to work independently as quickly as possible. It is possible to transition from "generalist" to "specialist" as soon as possible, and requires a reasonable overall arrangement for China's education and training system. Among them, higher education should be able to adapt to different levels of social needs, especially the demand for technical talents of the majority of grassroots enterprises. Higher education in engineering should pay special attention and focus on cultivating engineers who can work in modern enterprises. This is the group with the largest number of people who have far-reaching influence on the development of China's manufacturing industry. In the four years of engineering education, students should not only master basic scientific knowledge, but more importantly, they can truly understand the characteristics of modern enterprise production and management, establish a good professional ethic, and cultivate a strong professionalism and a serious and responsible work attitude. Establish the idea of ​​deepening production. As long as there is a strong and high-quality team of engineers backed up, China's industrial base can be solid, and scientific and technological achievements can have many undertaking entities, and manufacturing can be innovative and sustainable.
Institutions of higher learning should have different levels. They should focus on cultivating scientific research talents, and should also focus on the engineering and technical talents needed to cultivate the needs of enterprises. The training methods and teaching contents of the two should not be identical and must have their own characteristics. In addition, the follow-up education from "generalists" to "specialists" should not be entirely borne by enterprises, which is easy to form a new "masters with apprentices" in an irregular and unreasonable situation. Therefore, it is even more important to improve the professional and technical education system and the continuing education system nationwide as soon as possible. Today, after the reform of higher education, we should speed up the improvement of social functions in this area. Some professional technical associations/associations abroad play an important role in cultivating this professional and technical talents, which is worth learning and learning from. China has been recognized by the International Institute of Welding-IIW in January 2000 and has become a member of the Authorized National Body-ANB in ​​the international welding industry. It is establishing and in accordance with the requirements of IIW. Improve the training system and strengthen formal training for welding engineers, welding technicians, welding technicians and welders in China in accordance with international standards. According to the requirements, it will be issued an internationally recognized certificate after passing the examination, and it will be in line with international standards in welding technology training and certification. However, the number of people currently receiving training is still not enough. The training direction of welding engineers, welding technicians and welders in the country is also lacking a unified and complete system, which needs to be improved as soon as possible.
From the survey of 21,965 welders, more than 90% of them have obtained welder certificates, and 85% of welders are under 45 years old, indicating that our welders are a relatively young and technically qualified team. At present, the main sources of welders are as follows:
Technical school - 58%
Corporate training a 30%
Temporary workers - 8%
Other - 4%
It can be seen that the students who graduated from technical schools are the main source of welders in China. But the sources of welders in different industries are also different. Some enterprise group companies and large enterprises have their own technical schools to train the reserve personnel of the welders. However, there are still quite a few technical schools established by enterprises that are difficult to maintain due to financial difficulties and the inability to recruit enough students who are willing to learn to weld. If this problem cannot be solved, the technical school cannot deliver enough welders to reserve the army. The proportion of the company's self-training welders will continue to increase, and the burden on the enterprise will also increase. In this way, enterprises must not only cultivate "universal" college graduates into welding professionals, but also train "novices" into skilled welders, which will drag down the pace of enterprise development and is also an unreasonable social division of labor. The relevant government departments should pay attention to and solve the problem of the source of the workers reserve team as soon as possible.
Welding technicians are advanced welders with skilled skills and expertise, but currently the ratio of welding technicians to welders in the company is only 4%. This shows that the company has not been strong enough to cultivate high-level welders in the past, and should attract the attention of enterprises and the whole society in the cultivation and promotion of high-skilled talents.
6 Overall evaluation of the status quo
From the brief introduction of the above five parts, we can understand the overall situation of China's welding production in a macroscopic way. It should be said that in the past 25 years of reform and opening up, the achievements and progress of welding have been remarkable, but there are also many problems and difficulties. China is already the largest welding country in the world, but it is still far from being a strong welding country. There is still a long way to go before the international advanced level. There are mainly the following problems:
—— Long-term attention to the statistical work of the welding industry, there is no specific statistical unit, quite a number of enterprises are not willing to provide data, and the statistical content of the relevant state departments is not uniform, not comprehensive, and statistical work is difficult to be scientific and accurate. Without accurate statistical data, it is impossible to correctly formulate development plans and determine guidelines and policies. Statistical data is indeed the basis of industrial development. The industry lacks this foundation and cannot be bigger and stronger.
——Insufficient understanding of the important role of welding in the national economic construction, especially in the revitalization of the equipment industry, lack of clear development planning. The current welded structure accounts for 40% of the total steel output. If it is increased to 60% within 5 years, and the total steel output is also increased to 250 million tons, this will mean that the welding workload will double, and the steel structure will be used from the current steel. More than 73 million tons increased to 150 million tons. However, the current state departments still lack the necessary ideas, technology and planning preparations.
——The development of welding production level is not balanced. The eastern coastal areas are higher, and the western inland areas are lower; the medium-sized and above enterprises are higher, the small enterprises are lower; the key development enterprises such as automobiles are higher, and the steel structure manufacturing and field installation industries are lower.
——The overall level of welding mechanization automation is low (only 40%). The proportion of welding rods in welding consumables is too high (more than 75%), the ratio of welding consumables to steel is too high (0.77% or more), and the quality of welding consumables and varieties are far from the international advanced level. At present, there are few universities and research institutes engaged in the research of welding materials (especially the research on large-scale welding materials), but the development strength of welding consumables is insufficient, and high-quality special welding consumables still need to rely on imports.
——The number of electric welding machine enterprises is large, the scale is small, the group is poor, and the development ability is weak.一般化的产å“多，先进的焊接电æºï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯æ€§èƒ½å¥½ã€åŠŸèƒ½å¤šçš„气体ä¿æŠ¤ç„Šè®¾å¤‡äº§é‡å°‘，新工艺的开å‘与推广速度慢，æ¯å¹´ä»éœ€å¤§é‡è¿›å£æ–°åž‹ç„ŠæŽ¥æŠ€æœ¯ä¸Žè®¾å¤‡ã€‚
——焊接机器人ã€ç„ŠæŽ¥ä¸“机ã€ç„ŠæŽ¥å˜ä½æœºçš„用é‡å°‘。特别是焊接机器人85%分布在交通行业(汽车ã€é“è·¯ã€æ‘©æ‰˜è½¦)，其他行业少。具有我国自己知识产æƒçš„工业机器人没能形æˆæ‰¹é‡ç”Ÿäº§ï¼Œ90%以上的焊接机器人æ¥è‡ªå¤–国。
——焊接技术人员和焊接工人的教育与培è®æ²¡æœ‰å½¢æˆå…¨å›½ç»Ÿä¸€ã€å®Œæ•´çš„体系，与国际接轨的进程慢。ä¼ä¸šéš¾ä»¥å¸å¼•ä¼˜ç§€çš„人æ‰å’Œé«˜å¦åŽ†äººæ‰åˆ°ä¼ä¸šä»Žäº‹ç„ŠæŽ¥æŠ€æœ¯å‘展工作。缺ä¹ç„Šå·¥é¢„备队的问题，应引起é‡è§†ï¼Œå¹¶åº”注æ„高技能的焊接技师的培养ã€æ•™è‚²ä¸Žæ™‹å‡ã€‚
二ã€ç„ŠæŽ¥å‘展战略
7 焊接在未æ¥åˆ¶é€ 业å‘展ä¸çš„作用
焊接是一ç§çŽ°ä»£åŒ–çš„ä¼ ç»ŸåŠ å·¥æŠ€æœ¯ï¼Œåœ¨21世纪的知识ç»æµŽæ—¶ä»£é‡Œæ˜¯å¦ä»æ˜¯ä¸€ç§é‡è¦çš„生产手段，这必须从国内外的情况æ¥è¿›ä¸€æ¥åˆ†æžã€‚我国是一个å‘展ä¸å›½å®¶ï¼Œè¿˜æ²¡æœ‰å®Œæˆå·¥ä¸šåŒ–建设，还需è¦å¤§åŠ›å‘å±•åˆ¶é€ ä¸šï¼ŒæŒ¯å…´è£…å¤‡åˆ¶é€ ä¸šã€‚é’¢çš„äº§é‡è¿˜åœ¨é«˜é€Ÿå¢žé•¿ï¼Œé¢„计今年(2003å¹´)就会达到2亿å¨ï¼ŒæŒ‰è¿™ä¸ªé€Ÿåº¦å‘展，到2020å¹´å¯èƒ½è¶…过4亿å¨ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œæˆ‘国在完æˆå…¨é¢å»ºè®¾å°åº·ç¤¾ä¼šä¹‹å‰ï¼Œé’¢é“ä»å°†æ˜¯ä¸»è¦ç»“æž„æ料，焊接技术也必然è¦è·Ÿéšé’¢é“çš„å‘展而åŒæ¥æ高。焊接结构的用钢é‡å°†å¯èƒ½ä»ŽçŽ°åœ¨çš„7350万å¨(å 钢产é‡40ï¼…)å¢žåŠ åˆ°2．4亿å¨(å 60ï¼…)ä»¥ä¸Šã€‚è¿™æ ·å·¨å¤§çš„æ½œåœ¨å‘å±•è¶‹åŠ¿æ˜¯æ— è®ºå¦‚ä½•ä¹Ÿä¸èƒ½å¿½è§†çš„。åŒæ—¶ï¼Œé«˜æ–°æŠ€æœ¯çš„快速å‘展，装备的轻é‡åŒ–ã€èŠ‚能化ã€é«˜æ€§èƒ½åŒ–使é“é•é’›ç‰è½»é‡‘属ã€å¤åˆææ–™ã€é™¶ç“·ã€å¡‘料和新型æ料也将扩大应用范围，这些æ料都需è¦ç”¨æ–°çš„焊接或连接技术制æˆç»™å®šåŠŸèƒ½çš„ç»“æž„ã€‚æ— è®ºæ˜¯é’¢æˆ–å…¶ä»–æ料的å‘展都对我国焊接(连接)技术的æ高，从工艺ã€è€—æã€è£…备ã€è‡ªåŠ¨åŒ–和质é‡ã€æ•ˆçŽ‡ã€æˆæœ¬ã€å¯¿å‘½ä»¥åŠç»´ä¿®ã€å†å¾ªçŽ¯ç‰å„个方é¢éƒ½æ出更新ã€æ›´é«˜ã€æ›´å¤šçš„è¦æ±‚。当å‰å°±å¿…须为焊接技术更高水平的å‘展高潮的到æ¥ï¼Œäº‹å…ˆåšå¥½å„æ–¹é¢çš„准备。
美国和德国在进入21世纪的å‰å¤œéƒ½æ›¾ç»„织过一些焊接专家共åŒè®¨è®º21世纪焊接的作用和å‘展方å‘。从会议的总结(内部ææ–™)ä¸æœ‰å‡ 点结论性æ„è§å€¼å¾—我们注æ„：
——焊接(到2020å¹´)ä»å°†æ˜¯åˆ¶é€ 业的é‡è¦åŠ 工技术，它是一ç§ç²¾ç¡®ã€å¯é ã€ä½Žæˆæœ¬ï¼Œå¹¶ä¸”是采用高科技连接æ料的方法。目å‰è¿˜æ²¡æœ‰å…¶å®ƒæ–¹æ³•èƒ½å¤Ÿæ¯”焊接更为广泛地应用于金属的连接，并对所焊的产å“å¢žåŠ æ›´å¤§çš„é™„åŠ å€¼ã€‚
——焊接技术(å«è¿žæŽ¥ã€åˆ‡å‰²ã€æ¶‚æ•·)，现在以åŠå°†æ¥ï¼Œéƒ½æœ‰æœ€å¤§å¯èƒ½æˆåŠŸåœ°å°†å„ç§ææ–™åŠ æˆå¯æŠ•å…¥å¸‚场的产å“的首选方法。
——焊接ä¸åº”å†æ˜¯ä¸€ç§â€œåº”å¬äº§ä¸šâ€ï¼Œå®ƒå°†é€æ¥é›†æˆåˆ°äº§å“的全寿命过程，从设计ã€å¼€å‘ã€åˆ¶é€ 到维修ã€å†å¾ªçŽ¯çš„å„个阶段。
——焊接将被认为对改善产å“全寿命的æˆæœ¬ã€è´¨é‡å’Œå¯é 性是至关é‡è¦çš„手段，而且对æ高产å“的市场竞争力有é‡è¦è´¡çŒ®ã€‚
美国和德国都是å‘达国家，已ç»è¿›å…¥åŽå·¥ä¸šåŒ–社会并æ£å‘ç€çŸ¥è¯†ç»æµŽæˆ–æ–°ç»æµŽç¤¾ä¼šçš„æ–¹å‘å‘展，他们对焊接的作用ä»ç»™äºˆé«˜åº¦çš„é‡è§†ã€‚我国更ä¸åº”该忽视焊接在å‘展国民ç»æµŽå’ŒæŒ¯å…´è£…å¤‡åˆ¶é€ ä¸šçš„é‡è¦ä½œç”¨ï¼Œæ›´åº”继ç»å¤§åŠ›å‘展我国的焊接技术。
8 制定焊接å‘展战略的基本æ€è·¯
焊接是一ç§åº”用é‡å¾ˆå¤§ã€åº”用é¢å¾ˆå¹¿çš„共性技术，它ä¸ä»…对å‘展尖端科技与国防装备有é‡è¦ä½œç”¨ï¼Œè€Œä¸”对æ高全民生活质é‡æœ‰æ™®éæ„义。å¯æ˜¯ï¼Œæˆ‘国焊接生产的å‘展是很ä¸å‡è¡¡çš„，长期åªæ³¨é‡æŸäº›ç‚¹çš„å‘展，而忽略带动é¢çš„æ高；注é‡ç§‘ç ”ï¼Œå¿½è§†æŽ¨å¹¿ï¼›æ³¨é‡å¼•è¿›å¤–国先进技术，忽视消化å¸æ”¶å’ŒåŸ¹å…»æœ¬å›½çš„å¼€å‘能力；注é‡äº§å“，忽视工艺。在21ä¸–çºªé‡Œï¼Œåœ¨æŒ¯å…´è£…å¤‡åˆ¶é€ ä¸šæ—¶ï¼Œåœ¨å‘ä¸–ç•Œåˆ¶é€ å¼ºå›½è¿ˆè¿›è¿‡ç¨‹ä¸ï¼Œæˆ‘们必须对工艺的é‡è¦æ€§æœ‰æ›´æ–°çš„è®¤è¯†ã€‚å› æ¤åœ¨åˆ¶å®šç„ŠæŽ¥å‘展战略时应：点é¢å…¼é¡¾ã€ä¸Šä¸‹(游)兼顾ã€è¿œè¿‘兼顾，既è§ç‰©åˆè§äººã€‚而在具体规划ä¸åº”以近为主ã€é€‚当照顾远；以é¢ä¸ºä¸»ã€é€‚当照顾点；以普åŠä¸ºä¸»ã€é€‚当照顾å‰æ²¿ï¼›ä»¥äººä¸ºä¸»ã€é€‚当照顾æ¡ä»¶ã€‚在今åŽ10年或更长一段时间的总体å‘å±•æˆ˜ç•¥ç›®æ ‡æ˜¯ï¼š
——全é¢æ高我国的总体焊接生产技术水平；
——培养一批优秀的焊接专业技术人æ‰ï¼›
——在一些尖端å‰æ²¿ç§‘技领域å 有一å¸ä¹‹åœ°ã€‚
9 å‘å±•ç„ŠæŽ¥æŠ€æœ¯çš„å‡ ç‚¹ä¸»è¦æŽªæ–½
æ ¹æ®ä¸Šè¿°çš„基本战略æ€æƒ³åŠæˆ‘国当å‰ç„ŠæŽ¥ç”Ÿäº§çš„现状，æå‡ºå¦‚ä¸‹å‡ ç‚¹å‘展措施：
9．1 åŠ å¼ºå…¨å›½ç„ŠæŽ¥åŸºæœ¬æƒ…å†µçš„ç»Ÿè®¡ä¸Žåˆ†æžå·¥ä½œç»Ÿè®¡å·¥ä½œæ˜¯åˆ¶å®šæ–¹é’ˆã€æ”¿ç–的基础，情况清楚æ‰èƒ½æŽªæ–½å¾—当。å¯æ˜¯é•¿æœŸä»¥æ¥ï¼Œå¯¹å…¨å›½ç„ŠæŽ¥åŸºæœ¬æƒ…况的统计ä¸å¤Ÿé‡è§†ï¼Œç¼ºä¹å…¨é¢ã€çœŸå®žã€å‡†ç¡®çš„统计数æ®ã€‚全国也缺ä¹ä¸€ä¸ªå…¨é¢çš„焊接å‘å±•è§„åˆ’ï¼Œé€ æˆå‘展ä¸å‡è¡¡ï¼Œä¹Ÿä½¿å¾—å„级政府资助的项目往往具有éšæ„性，åªèƒ½ä»Žç”³è¯·è€…æå‡ºçš„ç ”ç©¶æ–¹å‘ä¸æ¥é€‰æ‹©ã€‚ä¸ºäº†åŠ å¼ºå…¨å›½ç„ŠæŽ¥åŸºæœ¬æƒ…å†µçš„ç»Ÿè®¡ï¼Œå»ºè®®ï¼š
(1)充分å‘挥专业å会的作用。政府应明确è¦æ±‚专业å会必须åšå¥½æœ¬ä¸“业全é¢æƒ…况的统计分æžå·¥ä½œï¼Œä½œä¸ºä¸“业å会的主è¦èŒè´£ä¹‹ä¸€ï¼Œå¹¶å®šæœŸå…¬å¼€å‘布统计结果和对现状的分æžã€‚统计工作应接å—政府与群众的监ç£ï¼ŒåŠæ—¶æ”¹è¿›ç»Ÿè®¡æ–¹æ³•å’Œç»Ÿè®¡å†…容。å„级政府在制定相关规划ã€æ”¿ç–和资助的有关项目时应尽å¯èƒ½å¾æ±‚专业å会/å¦ä¼šçš„æ„è§ï¼ŒåŠ›æ±‚å‡è¡¡å‘展。
(2)国家统计局ã€æµ·å…³æ€»ç½²ã€å„专业å会ã€è”åˆä¼šåº”å调统计的内容，使统计数æ®å…·æœ‰äº’补性，照顾相邻专业的需è¦ï¼Œå¯ä»¥äº’相利用。建议国家统计局和民政部è”åˆå¬å¼€ç»Ÿè®¡å·¥ä½œä¼šè®®ï¼Œå调并明确å„专业å会ã€è”åˆä¼šçš„统计è¦æ±‚与内容。建立一套ä¼ä¸šç§¯æžä¸»åŠ¨é…åˆä¸“业å会åšå¥½ç»Ÿè®¡å·¥ä½œçš„è¿ä½œæœºåˆ¶ã€‚ä¼ä¸šè¦ä¸»åŠ¨æŒ‰æ—¶æ供本ä¼ä¸šçš„准确统计数æ®ã€‚专业å会对ä¼ä¸šæ供的数æ®è´Ÿæœ‰ä¿å¯†è´£ä»»ï¼Œåœ¨æ²¡æœ‰å¾å¾—ä¼ä¸šåŒæ„å‰ï¼Œä¸å¾—å•ç‹¬å…¬å¼€æŸä¸€ä¼ä¸šçš„æ•°æ®ã€‚
9.2 é‡ç‚¹æ‰¶æŒå…±æ€§å·¥è‰ºæŠ€æœ¯ç ”究å•ä½çš„å‘展
焊接技术是一ç§é‡è¦çš„共性工艺技术。全国原先有多家焊接(焊机)ç ”ç©¶æ‰€å’Œé™„å±žäºŽå…¶ä»–ç ”ç©¶é™¢ï¼æ‰€ä¸çš„ç„ŠæŽ¥ç ”ç©¶å®¤ï¼Œä»–ä»¬æ›¾ç»ä¸ºå‘展我国的焊接事业å‘挥过é‡å¤§çš„作用。当å‰ï¼Œç ”究院ï¼æ‰€åœ¨ä¼ä¸šåŒ–æ”¹é€ ä¸ï¼ŒæŠŠä¸»è¦ç²¾åŠ›é›†ä¸åˆ°åŠžäº§ä¸šæ–¹é¢ï¼Œä»¥åˆ›æ”¶ä¸ºæœ¬ï¼Œä»¥â€œçŸå¹³å¿«â€ä¸ºä¸»ï¼Œæœ‰çš„以生å˜ä¸ºä¸»ï¼Œè€Œå¯¹ä¸ã€é•¿æœŸå‘展方å‘çš„ç ”ç©¶æŠ•å…¥åŠ›åº¦å¤§ä¸ºé™ä½Žã€‚有的å•ä½è®¾å¤‡è€åŒ–，人员ä¸é½ï¼Œç»è´¹å‡å°‘ï¼Œæ•´ä½“ç§‘ç ”å¼€å‘水平在迅速下é™ã€‚原先以高ç‰é™¢æ ¡ä¸ºä¸Šï¼ä¸æ¸¸ï¼Œä»¥ç§‘ç ”é™¢æ‰€ä¸ºä¸ï¼ä¸‹æ¸¸ï¼Œä¼ä¸šä¸ºæˆæžœåº”用对象的科技å‘展链æ¡ï¼Œç”±äºŽç ”究所(室)å‘ä¼ä¸šæ–¹å‘é 拢，而有脱节的趋势。然而，全部由高ç‰é™¢æ ¡æ¥å¼¥è¡¥è¿™ä¸ªç©ºç¼ºæ˜¯ä¸åˆç†çš„ï¼Œä¹ŸåŠ é‡äº†é«˜ç‰é™¢æ ¡çš„负担。我国的焊接(焊机)ç ”ç©¶æ‰€(室)å¤§å¤šæœ‰å‡ å年的历å²ï¼Œä»–们比较接近生产ä¼ä¸šï¼Œæœ‰å¾ˆä¸°å¯Œçš„工程ç»éªŒï¼Œæ˜¯å›½å®¶å‘展共性焊接技术的é‡è¦åŠ›é‡ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œå›½å®¶åº”有é‡ç‚¹åœ°æ‰¶æŒä¸€äº›ç„ŠæŽ¥å…±æ€§æŠ€æœ¯çš„ç ”ç©¶æ‰€å’Œç ”ç©¶å®¤ã€‚å»ºè®®ï¼š
(1)国家应有选择地扶æŒå‡ ä¸ªç„ŠæŽ¥å…±æ€§æŠ€æœ¯ç ”ç©¶æ‰€/å®¤ï¼Œç¡®å®šç ”å‘队ä¼çš„规模，æ¯å¹´ç»™äºˆè¾ƒä¸ºä¸°åŽšçš„ç»è´¹æ”¯æŒï¼Œæ˜Žç¡®ç ”究方å‘(以é¢ä¸Šçš„共性技术为主)ï¼Œå®šæœŸæ£€æŸ¥ç§‘ç ”è¿›å±•æƒ…å†µï¼Œè¿½è¸ªç§‘ç ”æˆæžœçš„æŽ¨å¹¿åº”ç”¨ç»©æ•ˆã€‚æ ¹æ®ç”±å¤–部专家组æˆçš„评议组的评议结果æ¥ç¡®å®šå¯¹è¿™äº›æ‰€/室的支æŒåŠ›åº¦æˆ–淘汰。
(2)国家支æŒçš„ç„ŠæŽ¥ç ”ç©¶æ‰€/室åªæ˜¯æ”¯æŒå…¶ç ”å‘部的è¿ä½œ(与产业公å¸æ— å…³)ï¼Œå› æ¤å¿…须实行首å¸ä¸“家负责制。首å¸ä¸“家对科技人员的è˜ç”¨ã€å·¥èµ„å¾…é‡ã€è®¾å¤‡è´ç½®ã€ç»è´¹ä½¿ç”¨ã€ç ”究方å‘ç‰æœ‰æœ€åŽçš„决定æƒï¼Œå¹¶åœ¨ç ”å‘ç»©æ•ˆä¸Žäººå‘˜ç´ è´¨æ–¹é¢å‘国家负责。
(3)为了å¸å¼•ä¼˜ç§€äººæ‰ä»Žäº‹ç„ŠæŽ¥å…±æ€§æŠ€æœ¯çš„ç ”ç©¶ä¸Žå¼€å‘，国家应在人员工资ã€å¾…é‡å’Œç§‘ç ”æ¡ä»¶ã€ä»ªå™¨è®¾å¤‡æ–¹é¢ç»™äºˆæœ‰åŠ›æ”¯æŒï¼Œæ¶ˆé™¤ç ”å‘队ä¼çš„åŽé¡¾ä¹‹å¿§ã€‚
(4)å„çº§æ”¿åºœéƒ¨é—¨åœ¨ç„ŠæŽ¥å…±æ€§æŠ€æœ¯æ”»å…³ç§‘ç ”é¡¹ç›®çš„æ‹›æ ‡ä¸ï¼Œåœ¨æ¡ä»¶åŸºæœ¬ç›¸åŒçš„情况下，应优先交给国家支æŒçš„å…±æ€§ç ”ç©¶æ‰€ï¼å®¤æ¥æ‰¿æ‹…，使之迅速壮大å‘展。
9.3 完善焊接专业技术人员的教育ã€åŸ¹è®ä½“ç³»
ç„ŠæŽ¥ä¸“ä¸šæŠ€æœ¯äººå‘˜çš„ç´ è´¨å†³å®šç„ŠæŽ¥ç”Ÿäº§å‘展的åŽåŠ²ã€‚这个问题已ç»åˆ°äº†éžå¸¸å±æ€¥çš„地æ¥ï¼Œå¦‚ä¸èƒ½å°½å¿«è§£å†³ï¼Œå°†ä¼šåˆ¶çº¦æˆ‘国焊接生产的快速å‘展。这是一个关系多个部门和涉åŠæ•´ä¸ªæ•™è‚²ä½“系的å¤æ‚问题，必须由国家统一安排解决。建议：
(1)完善工科高ç‰é™¢æ ¡ææ–™åŠ å·¥å·¥ç¨‹å¦ç§‘的教育。工科高ç‰é™¢æ ¡åº”æœ‰æ‰€åˆ†å·¥ï¼Œæœ‰çš„ä»¥åŸ¹å…»ç§‘ç ”åž‹äººæ‰ä¸ºä¸»ï¼Œä¹Ÿåº”有以培养适应现代ä¼ä¸šéœ€è¦çš„工程技术人æ‰ä¸ºä¸»çš„，å„具特色，教å¦å†…容与方法应有所区别。“æ高教å¦è´¨é‡â€å’Œâ€œé€‚应广大基层ä¼ä¸šéœ€è¦â€å¹¶ä¸çŸ›ç›¾ã€‚当å‰ï¼Œå·¥ç§‘高ç‰é™¢æ ¡å¤§å¤šåå‘ç§‘ç ”åž‹ï¼Œè€Œä¸å¤Ÿé‡è§†åŸ¹å…»å¦ç”Ÿé€‚应现代ä¼ä¸šå·¥ä½œéœ€è¦çš„能力。å¦ç”Ÿåœ¨æ ¡æœŸé—´æ·±å…¥å·¥åŽ‚的时间ä¸é•¿ï¼Œå¯¹ç”Ÿäº§è¿‡ç¨‹çš„了解太少，ä¸æ‡‚得现代ä¼ä¸šçš„特点和管ç†æ–¹å¼ï¼Œæ•™å¦å†…容更新较慢，也缺ä¹æ•¬ä¸šç²¾ç¥žã€è®¤çœŸè¸å®žçš„工作æ€åº¦å’Œæ·±å…¥ç”Ÿäº§å®žé™…的教育。而且教师本身大多对生产也并ä¸ç†Ÿæ‚‰ï¼Œå¾ˆå°‘æ›¾åœ¨å·¥åŽ‚å·¥ä½œè¿‡ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œå·¥ç§‘高ç‰é™¢æ ¡åº”在普åŠé€šæ‰æ•™è‚²æ”¹é©çš„基础上，进一æ¥å®Œå–„æ•™å¦å†…å®¹ä¸Žæ–¹æ³•ï¼Œé™¤äº†ä¸€éƒ¨åˆ†ä»¥åŸ¹å…»ç§‘ç ”åž‹äººæ‰ä¸ºä¸»ä»¥å¤–，大部分工科高ç‰é™¢æ ¡åº”é‡è§†åŸ¹å…»é€‚应现代ä¼ä¸šéœ€è¦çš„基层工程技术干部。ä¸ä»…è¦ä½¿å¦ç”ŸæŽŒæ¡åŸºæœ¬çš„ä¸“ä¸šçŸ¥è¯†ï¼Œè¿˜åº”å¢žåŠ ä¸€å®šå¦æ—¶çš„现代ä¼ä¸šç®¡ç†è¯¾ç¨‹ã€‚ä¿è¯å¦ç”Ÿåˆ°å·¥åŽ‚å®žä¹ çš„æ¬¡æ•°ã€æ—¶é—´å’Œè´¨é‡ï¼ŒåŸ¹å…»å¦ç”Ÿæ·±å…¥ç”Ÿäº§ç¬¬ä¸€çº¿ï¼Œè§£å†³å®žé™…问题的工作æ€åº¦ä¸Žèƒ½åŠ›ã€‚
(2)完善专业技术教育和继ç»æ•™è‚²ä½“系以åŠç»Ÿä¸€è€ƒæ ¸è®¤è¯ä½“系。高ç‰é™¢æ ¡çš„通æ‰æ•™è‚²ä¸Žä¼ä¸šæ‰€éœ€è¦çš„专业技术人æ‰ï¼Œæ˜¯æœ‰ä¸€å®šè·ç¦»çš„。目å‰ä¼ä¸šå¤§çº¦éœ€è¦3-4å¹´æ‰èƒ½å°†å¤§å¦æ¯•ä¸šç”ŸåŸ¹å…»æˆåŸºæœ¬èƒ½é€‚应工厂工作的工程技术人员。德国规定，凡是è¦åœ¨å·¥åŽ‚åšç„ŠæŽ¥å·¥ç¨‹å¸ˆå·¥ä½œçš„大å¦æ¯•ä¸šç”Ÿï¼Œå¿…须在焊接培è®ä¸å¿ƒç»è¿‡ä¸€å®šå¦æ—¶çš„强化专业培è®ï¼Œå¹¶ç»è€ƒè¯•åˆæ ¼ï¼Œå‘ç»™è¯ä¹¦ï¼Œæ‰èƒ½å—è˜ä¸Šå²—。那些分布在全国å„地的焊接培è®ä¸å¿ƒæ˜¯ç”±å¾·å›½ç„ŠæŽ¥å¦ä¼š(DVS)办的。ä¸å›½ç„ŠæŽ¥å会和焊接å¦ä¼šä¸Žå¾·å›½ç„ŠæŽ¥å¦ä¼šåˆä½œåˆ›å»ºçš„哈尔滨焊接技术培è®ä¸å¿ƒï¼Œåœ¨ç»è¿‡ä¸¥æ ¼çš„检查ã€å®¡æ ¸åŽï¼ŒäºŽ2000年获得国际焊接å¦ä¼š(IIW)的批准，æˆä¸ºæˆ‘国唯一的授æƒå®žä½“CANB(æ¯ä¸ªå›½å®¶åªèƒ½æœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªæŽˆæƒå®žä½“)，å¯ä»¥æŒ‰IIW的统一è¦æ±‚进行培è®ï¼Œå¦å‘˜ç»è€ƒè¯•åˆæ ¼åŽï¼Œé¢å‘国际共åŒè®¤å¯çš„焊接工程师ã€æŠ€æœ¯å‘˜ã€æŠ€å¸ˆã€ç„Šå·¥è¯ä¹¦ã€‚直至现在，我国å–得国际è¯ä¹¦çš„人数如下：
国际焊接工程师（IWE） 1173å
国际焊接技师（IWS） 164å
国际焊工（IWP） 150å
å¯è§æŒ‰å›½é™…æ ‡å‡†åŸ¹è®çš„人数ä»å¾ˆå°‘，全国培è®ç‚¹çš„分布还ä¸å¤Ÿå¹¿æ³›ã€‚我国国家质é‡ç›‘ç£æ£€éªŒæ€»å±€å¯¹ç„Šå·¥å’Œç„ŠæŽ¥æŠ€å¸ˆæœ‰è€ƒæ ¸è§„ç¨‹å’Œæ ‡å‡†ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯å¯¹ç„ŠæŽ¥å·¥ç¨‹å¸ˆã€æŠ€æœ¯å‘˜å’ŒåŸ¹è®ç„Šå·¥æ“ä½œæŠ€èƒ½çš„ç„Šå·¥æ•™å¸ˆè¿˜æ²¡æœ‰ç»Ÿä¸€çš„è€ƒæ ¸ä¸Žè®¤å¯æ ‡å‡†ï¼Œå¾€å¾€ç”±ä¼ä¸šè‡ªå·±å®¡å®šã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œå¿…须尽快统一并完善我国焊接技术培è®ä½“系，将ä¸å›½ç„ŠæŽ¥å会/å¦ä¼šå»ºç«‹çš„国际焊接培è®è€ƒæ ¸ä½“系与国家质检部门建立的培è®è€ƒæ ¸ä½“系统一起æ¥ï¼Œå¹¶é€æ¥å°†ä¸“业培è®å·¥ä½œè¿‡æ¸¡åˆ°ç”±ä¸“业å会/å¦ä¼šæ¥è´Ÿè´£ç®¡ç†ï¼Œæ”¿åºœéƒ¨é—¨é€€å‡ºè¿™ä¸ªé¢†åŸŸï¼Œå®žçŽ°ä¸Žå›½é™…惯例接轨。国家应规定，ä¼ä¸šè˜ä»»ç„ŠæŽ¥å·¥ç¨‹å¸ˆã€ç„ŠæŽ¥æŠ€æœ¯å‘˜ã€ç„ŠæŽ¥æŠ€å¸ˆã€ç„Šå·¥æ•™å¸ˆåŠç„Šå·¥ç‰èŒåŠ¡ï¼Œå¿…须先ç»è¿‡åŸ¹è®å¹¶èŽ·å¾—ç›¸åº”çš„èµ„æ ¼è¯ä¹¦åŽæ‰èƒ½æ£å¼ä¸Šå²—。培è®ä¸å¿ƒå®šæœŸä¸¾åŠžçŸæœŸåŸ¹è®ç或专题讲座，对å„级技术与管ç†äººå‘˜è¿›è¡Œç»ˆèº«çš„å†æ•™è‚²ã€‚è¦æ±‚技术人员的晋级必须ç»è¿‡ä¸€å®šå¦æ—¶çš„å†æ•™è‚²ã€‚åªæœ‰è¿™æ ·æ‰èƒ½è§„èŒƒäººå‘˜çš„ç´ è´¨ï¼Œæ‰èƒ½é€‚应焊接生产的快速å‘展。
(3)åŠ å¼ºç„ŠæŽ¥ç»“æž„è®¾è®¡äººå‘˜çš„æ•™è‚²ä¸ŽåŸ¹è®ã€‚焊接结构的应用日益增多，焊接结构的用钢é‡å°†ä»ŽçŽ°åœ¨çš„7300多万å¨(å 钢产é‡40ï¼…)å‘展到亿å¨ä»¥ä¸Š(å 60ï¼…)。焊接结构设计的åˆç†æ€§ã€å®‰å…¨æ€§ã€å¯é 性ã€å¯ç„ŠæŽ¥æ€§ã€é€‚用性是éžå¸¸é‡è¦çš„问题。在焊接生产ä¸å¸¸æœ‰è®¾è®¡ä¸åˆç†çš„问题å‘生。由于目å‰è®¸å¤šå¤§åž‹ç„ŠæŽ¥ç»“构的设计是引用外国图纸，矛盾还ä¸å¾ˆçªå‡ºï¼Œä½†æ˜¯éšç€å…·æœ‰ç‹¬ç«‹çš„知识产æƒçš„产å“的日益增多，设计问题将会显现出其严é‡æ€§ã€‚现在的设计人员大多是å¦æœºæ¢°åˆ¶é€ ä¸“ä¸šï¼Œæ¯”è¾ƒç†Ÿæ‚‰å†·åŠ å·¥ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯ç„ŠæŽ¥ç»“æž„ä¸Žé“¸é€ ã€é”»åŽ‹ç»“æž„ä¸åŒï¼Œå…·æœ‰ä¸€å®šçš„ç‰¹æ®Šæ€§ã€‚å› æ¤æ— 论是在高ç‰æ•™è‚²è¿˜æ˜¯åœ¨ä¸“业培è®ä¸éƒ½åº”é‡è§†åŸ¹å…»ä¸€æ”¯æ—¢äº†è§£ç„ŠæŽ¥ç‰¹ç‚¹åˆç†Ÿæ‚‰ç»“构设计的工程师队ä¼ã€‚åŒæ—¶åº”强调在产å“设计与开å‘过程ä¸åº”规定有专业焊接工程师å‚åŠ å·¥è‰ºæ€§çš„å®¡æŸ¥ï¼ŒæŠŠè®¾è®¡ä¸åˆç†çš„问题消ç在åˆå§‹é˜¶æ®µï¼Œå¹¶åŠæ—¶æ ¹æ®ç”Ÿäº§ã€ä½¿ç”¨ã€ç»´ä¿®ä¸åæ˜ å‡ºæ¥çš„问题主动修改设计图纸。
(4)完善å„地技术å¦æ ¡çš„建设。由于在计划ç»æµŽæ—¶æœŸä¼ä¸šåŠžç¤¾ä¼šï¼Œè®¸å¤šèŒä¸šæŠ€æœ¯å¦æ ¡éƒ½æ˜¯ç”±ä¼ä¸šè‡ªå·±åŠžçš„，并æˆä¸ºä¼ä¸šå·¥äººçš„主è¦æ¥æºã€‚当å‰ä¼ä¸šè¦æŠŠä¸€äº›ç¤¾ä¼šèŒè´£å‰¥ç¦»å‡ºæ¥ï¼ŒæŠ€æ ¡é¦–å½“å…¶å†²ã€‚ä½†æ˜¯æŠ€æ ¡æ€Žæ ·å‰¥ç¦»å‡ºæ¥ï¼Œç”±è°æ¥æ‰¿åŠžï¼Œè¿™é—®é¢˜è¿˜æ²¡æœ‰å¾ˆå¥½è§£å†³ï¼Œä¹Ÿæ²¡æœ‰å¼•èµ·é‡è§†ï¼Œå·²ç»åˆ°äº†å¿…须认真考虑的时候了。这个问题ä¸è§£å†³ï¼Œå°†æ¥ä¼ä¸šçš„工人æ¥æºå’Œæ–°å·¥äººçš„ç´ è´¨å°†æˆå¤§é—®é¢˜ã€‚国家应高度é‡è§†æŠ€æ ¡çš„建设。当å‰æœ€å¯è¡Œçš„办法是大型ä¼ä¸šé›†å›¢é›†ä¸ç»Ÿä¸€åŠžç†é€‚åˆè‡ªå·±éœ€è¦çš„æŠ€æ ¡ï¼ŒåŒæ—¶æ”¿åºœä¸Žç¤¾ä¼šå…±åŒæ‰¿åŠžä¸€èˆ¬çš„技术å¦æ ¡ã€‚我们ä¸èƒ½åªé‡è§†é«˜ç‰æ•™è‚²è€Œå¿½è§†æŠ€å·¥æ•™è‚²ï¼Œç¤¾ä¼šçš„需求是多ç§å¤šæ ·çš„，少了哪一方é¢éƒ½ä¸è¡Œã€‚å·¥äººçš„ç´ è´¨æ˜¯ç”Ÿäº§åŠ›çš„é‡è¦éƒ¨åˆ†ï¼Œæé«˜å·¥äººçš„ç´ è´¨æ˜¯å…³ç³»åˆ°æˆ‘å›½äº§å“的声誉和竞争力的大事。争å–在10年内使我国焊接工人80％以上æ¥è‡ªæŠ€æ ¡æ¯•ä¸šç”Ÿã€‚
9.4 é‡è§†ç»„ç»‡æ–°çš„å…±æ€§æŠ€æœ¯çš„ç ”ç©¶ï¼Œè§£å†³é¢ä¸Šå˜åœ¨çš„问题
我国已ç»æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªä¸–界最大的焊接大国，但远ä¸æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ªç„ŠæŽ¥å¼ºå›½ã€‚由于长期缺ä¹å®žæ–½å…¨é¢çš„规划，å‘展很ä¸å‡è¡¡ï¼Œæœ‰è‡ªæµè¶‹åŠ¿ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯é¢ä¸Šçš„问题更为çªå‡ºã€‚è¦æˆä¸ºç„ŠæŽ¥å¼ºå›½ï¼Œä¸ä»…在技术å‰æ²¿è¦æœ‰æ‰€çªç ´ï¼Œæ›´é‡è¦çš„是使总体生产技术水平也能å‡è¡¡æ高。作为国家焊接å‘展战略更应é‡è§†é¢çš„å‘展。建议：
(1)制定å‘焊接消耗ææ–™ç ”ç©¶å¼€å‘与生产强国迈进的实施规划。争å–10年内使我国生产的焊接消耗æ料在å“ç§ã€æ€§èƒ½ã€è´¨é‡ã€äº§é‡ç‰å„个方é¢éƒ½è¾¾åˆ°å›½é™…先进水平，æˆä¸ºä¸–界最大的焊接æ料开å‘与生产强国，并在国际市场上å 有较大的份é¢ã€‚这是一个é‡å¤§é¢å¹¿çš„å‘展战略问题，政府应以政ç–和资金æ¥å¼•å¯¼é«˜ç‰é™¢æ ¡å’Œç§‘ç ”é™¢æ‰€ä¸Žç„Šæä¼ä¸šé›†å›¢ç»“åˆä»Žç†è®ºå’Œç”Ÿäº§ä¸Šå¼€å±•ç ”究，并有所çªç ´ã€‚努力使我国焊æçš„å“ç§ç»“构趋å‘åˆç†ï¼Œé™ä½Žç„Šæ与钢æ的比例。
ç ”ç©¶å¯¹è±¡åŒ…æ‹¬å®žå¿ƒç„Šä¸ã€è¯èŠ¯ç„Šä¸ã€é‡‘属粉芯焊ä¸ã€ç„Šæ¡ã€ç„Šæ£’ã€ç„Šå‰‚ã€é’Žæ–™ã€é’Žå‰‚ç‰ï¼Œè¿˜è¦é‡è§†å¼€å‘新的原辅ææ–™ï¼Œç ”ç©¶åº”ç”¨çº³ç±³æ料的å¯èƒ½èŒƒå›´ã€‚åŒæ—¶è¦æ³¨æ„新型结构æ料的å‘å±•å¯¹ç ”åˆ¶æ–°ç„ŠæŽ¥æ料的需求。特别是当å‰å·²ç»å‡ºçŽ°çš„高纯度ã€è¶…低碳的新钢ç§ï¼Œå¯èƒ½ä¼šå¯¹ç„ŠæŽ¥ç”µå¼§ç‰©ç†çŽ°è±¡æ出新的挑战，需è¦ä»Žç†è®ºä¸Šæœ‰æ‰€çªç ´æ‰èƒ½æœ‰æ–°çš„进展。
(2)åŠ å¼ºæ–°åž‹ç„ŠæŽ¥è®¾å¤‡çš„ç ”ç©¶å¼€å‘力度。利用信æ¯æŠ€æœ¯ã€å¾®ç”µå技术ã€è®¡ç®—机技术的新æˆæžœã€æ–°äº§å“æ¥å¼€å‘新的焊接设备，特别是高性能/ä»·æ ¼æ¯”çš„æ°”ä½“ä¿æŠ¤ç„Šè®¾å¤‡ã€‚åŠ é€Ÿç”¨æ°”ä½“ä¿æŠ¤ç„Šå–代一般焊æ¡æ‰‹å·¥ç„Šçš„进程，在10年内将全国的焊接机械化自动化率æ高到50％以上。è¦ä½¿ç§‘ç ”ä¸Žç”Ÿäº§åœ¨è¿™ä¸ªé¢†åŸŸèƒ½å¾ˆå¥½åœ°ç»“åˆï¼ŒåŠ 速电焊机产业的å‘展，很é‡è¦çš„一点是è¦æ±‚我国的电焊机ä¼ä¸šå°½å¿«å½¢æˆè‹¥å¹²ä¸ªå¤§åž‹ä¼ä¸šé›†å›¢ï¼Œæé«˜ç ”å‘水平，æ‰èƒ½å¼•å¯¼æˆ‘国电焊机产业的å‘展。政府资助的项目应有助于促进这ç§é›†å›¢çš„出现。
(3)åŠ å¼ºæ–°çš„ç„ŠæŽ¥å…±æ€§æŠ€æœ¯çš„ç ”ç©¶ä¸Žå¼€å‘。æ高我国焊接生产的效率ã€è´¨é‡ä¸Žç„ŠæŽ¥ç”Ÿäº§çš„ä¿¡æ¯åŒ–与管ç†çŽ°ä»£åŒ–。建议当å‰åº”é‡è§†å¼€å±•å¦‚ä¸‹çš„å‡ ä¸ªä¸»è¦æ–¹é¢çš„ç ”ç©¶ï¼š
——以æ…æ‹Œæ‘©æ“¦ç„ŠæŠ€æœ¯ä¸ºä»£è¡¨çš„æ–°ç„ŠæŽ¥æŠ€æœ¯çš„ç ”å‘与推广应用。æ…æ‹Œæ‘©æ“¦ç„Šæ˜¯è‹±å›½ç„ŠæŽ¥ç ”ç©¶æ‰€å‘明的一ç§æ–°åž‹å›ºæ€ç„ŠæŽ¥æŠ€æœ¯ï¼Œå·²ç»å¼•èµ·å…¨ä¸–界的é‡è§†ï¼Œåœ¨èˆªç©ºã€èˆªå¤©ä¸Žé€ 船部门已ç»å°†è¿™ç§æŠ€æœ¯åº”用于é“åˆé‡‘的焊接，å–得很好的效果。我国也引进了这ç§ä¸“利技术。但是对ä¸åŒæ料的å¯ç„ŠæŽ¥æ€§åŠä¸åŒå½¢çŠ¶æŽ¥å¤´çš„焊接方法ç‰æ–¹é¢è¿˜æœ‰å¾ˆå¤§çš„ç ”ç©¶å‘展空间。这ç§æŠ€æœ¯æœ‰å¾ˆå¹¿æ³›çš„应用å‰æ™¯ï¼Œæœ‰å¯èƒ½æˆä¸ºä»ŠåŽä¸ã€è–„æ¿(包括有色金属和黑色金属)焊接的é‡è¦æ–¹æ³•ã€‚æˆ‘å›½å¿…é¡»åŠ å¿«ç ”ç©¶ä¸Žåº”ç”¨å¼€å‘。
——以激光与激光+电弧为代表的焊接新çƒæºçš„æ·±å…¥ç ”ç©¶ä¸ŽæŽ¨å¹¿åº”ç”¨ã€‚è¿™ä¹Ÿæ˜¯å½“å‰å›½é™…上的一个çƒé—¨æŠ€æœ¯ã€‚激光被认为是21世纪的新çƒæºï¼Œåœ¨è–„æ¿ç„ŠæŽ¥ä¸å·²ç»å–得显著æˆæ•ˆï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯åœ¨æ±½è½¦åˆ¶é€ 领域更为çªå‡ºã€‚但是激光焊接也å˜åœ¨ä¸€äº›ä¸è¶³ï¼Œè€Œæ¿€å…‰ä¸Žç”µå¼§çš„å¤åˆå¯ä»¥ä¼˜åŠ¿äº’补，弱化å„自的缺点，获得很好的效果。但是对激光与电弧å¤åˆçš„一些特点，特别是对ä¸ã€åŽšæ¿çš„焊接，还有许多问题需è¦æ·±å…¥ç ”究。这方é¢çš„ç ”ç©¶éœ€è¦ä»Žä¸¤æ–¹é¢ç€æ‰‹ï¼Œä¸€æ˜¯å¤§åŠŸçŽ‡å›ºä½“激光设备的开å‘与产业化；å¦ä¸€æ–¹é¢æ˜¯é’ˆå¯¹ä¸åŽšæ¿ç„ŠæŽ¥å·¥è‰ºç‰¹ç‚¹çš„ç ”ç©¶ã€‚
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