Japan's Fire Protection Culture and Enlightenment (4) Enlightenment of Japan's Fire Prevention Culture to China

Chapter 4 The Enlightenment of Japan's Fire Prevention Culture to China

Section 1 Enlightenment on Spiritual Culture Construction

First, there is insufficient

In terms of disaster prevention education, at present, most people in the country are not very aware of disaster prevention, and they lack the corresponding fire prevention and disaster prevention knowledge and skills. Therefore, when disasters occur, they cannot take effective measures to deal with disasters, resulting in even property Loss of life. The Japanese government pays special attention to the national fire prevention and disaster prevention education, and also spends more money on disaster prevention education, such as the construction of disaster prevention training bases and disaster prevention education centers. Therefore, compared with the Chinese, the Japanese have a much higher awareness of fire prevention and disaster relief. At the same time, they also have solid knowledge and skills in fire prevention and disaster relief. They will not panic in the event of a disaster. Compared with Japan, China's fire prevention education for children is still far from enough. Children often fail to understand basic firefighting knowledge and cause tragic cases. Raising children's awareness of fire prevention and enhancing self-prevention and self-rescue have become imperative.

The government and enterprises and institutions did not fully recognize the importance of firefighting and propaganda work. They also did not formulate a detailed and feasible set of propaganda plans. They lacked the awareness and intrinsic motivation for conducting firefighting education and training, and thus cultivated their enthusiasm and initiative. Creativity is still the direction of efforts. All these reasons have made China's entire society not yet have a good atmosphere of disaster prevention and reduction. Firefighting propaganda has always depended on public security and fire control agencies. However, the public security department has extremely limited human and financial resources and material resources, and therefore cannot exert its effectiveness. At the same time, publicity, education, labor departments, news media, etc. in all aspects of society have rarely participated in firefighting propaganda, resulting in a situation in which the effectiveness of firefighting education as a whole is not obvious. Public security departments are mostly involved in policies, laws and regulations, and common sense in firefighting. They lack entertainment and interest. The form and method of firefighting propaganda also lacks new ideas and creativity. Traditional propaganda methods such as street hair flyers, posting banners, and slogans are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and the effect is not obvious.

With the rapid development of society, more fires have started. The main reason for this is that the building functions such as high-rise buildings and underground buildings have become complicated and many non-traditional hidden problems have arisen. In addition, the unit’s illegal firefighting activities, such as illegal and illegal construction, blockade of safety exits, and blockage and occupation of firefighting channels, have weakened the law enforcement efforts. 'There is also a limited time for the fire department to supervise law enforcement, which directly leads to incomplete supervision and inspection at the grass-roots level, hidden problems and poor supervision and rectification. China's current fire surveillance and law enforcement agencies have implemented the current service system, and as a result, the fire supervision and management personnel have a relatively large mobility, and it is difficult for fire-fighting technology backbones to remain. This can easily cause a disconnection in work. The leaders of fire protection agencies are frequently replaced. Therefore, some long-term, slow-moving jobs such as firefighting propaganda, rectification of hidden dangers, and construction of basic firefighting facilities cannot be carried out effectively. In addition, the fire protection system of our country's current service is generated during the period of social transformation, so it has a strong military management color and the lower level must obey the orders of the superior.

With the rapid development of China’s economy and society and the acceleration of modernization, and the in-depth development of industrialization, informatization, marketization, and internationalization, non-traditional fire safety problems and uncertainties that cause fires have become complicated, and the risk of fire is also increasing. Increasingly. The fire protection organizations at all levels are facing the new needs and expectations of the society and the general public for fire safety. The tasks they undertake have become more and more onerous and complicated. They have also proposed prevention and control of fires, fire supervision and enforcement, and fire fighting and rescue. Higher technical requirements. In addition, in addition to the fire fighting work, fire protection organizations at all levels also undertake more and more emergency rescue work, such as the disposal of hazardous chemical spills, key natural disasters, etc. These tasks not only require the use of specific professional technical equipment and knowledge, but also Qualified and qualified high-quality firefighting technicians are required to bear the burden. “As fire-fighting technical personnel are engaged in directly relating to protecting people’s life and property safety, safeguarding public safety, ensuring that people live and work in peace and contentment, the country’s long-term stability, and promoting social harmony and stability, training fire-fighting technical talents is a long way to go. Technical talents refer to those who specialize in firefighting technology work, including both public security and public security firefighting teams, which are collectively referred to as fire supervision positions in fire protection agencies of public security agencies, fire-fighting and rescue operations, and fire technology. The personnel also include those who work in fire safety inspection and fire fighting rescue positions in the government full-time fire brigade, as well as practitioners in the fire protection technical service organizations in the society.” This can be divided into two categories. One is professional technicians. Mainly refers to those who have professional titles such as safety, engineering, information, and scientific research related to the fire protection profession ; the other are those who mainly focus on skill operation, mainly referring to the building’s building firefighters and firefighters. Firefighting rescue workers and other firefighting professions Industry personnel and so on.

Second, inspiration

In view of the deficiencies in China's disaster prevention education, it is necessary to strengthen the publicity and education of fire prevention and disaster reduction knowledge, conduct regular disaster prevention education and disaster prevention drills, popularize fire prevention and disaster reduction guidelines, laws and regulations among the general public, and popularize fire prevention and disaster prevention knowledge. The knowledge of fire fighting, disaster relief, and post-disaster reconstruction will continue to increase the awareness of fire prevention and disaster reduction for each citizen, and increase their ability to help themselves and save disasters. In addition, the government should regularly organize disaster prevention training and drills to follow the example of Japan’s establishment of disaster prevention education bases in various regions, and establish national disaster prevention days and other commemorative days. Strengthen the liaison and coordination between various departments during disasters, and ensure that the disaster information transmission system can operate normally in the event of a disaster, ensure that disaster information can be obtained for the first time, and take immediate and effective measures to avoid unnecessary losses. In the area of ​​disaster prevention education, laws are also needed to help them implement. Therefore, when drafting disaster reduction laws, the government should incorporate fire prevention and disaster prevention education and community fire prevention and disaster prevention. In raising children’s awareness of fire prevention, we should work hard at home, school, and society to provide children with systematic fire prevention education so that their fire safety awareness will continue to increase. The family is the child's first school, parents are the child's first enlightenment teacher, so parents should fully do a good job of transmitting firefighting knowledge, which plays an irreplaceable role in cultivating children's awareness of fire prevention. At the same time, school education also plays an important role. China's primary and secondary schools have not yet compiled and compiled perfect fire prevention teaching materials. In this regard, they can imitate Japan's compilation of uniform fire prevention teaching materials, continuously infiltrate fire prevention knowledge, and regularly hold fire prevention lectures and invitations. Special firefighters will give explanations and conduct various extra-curricular activities such as various forms of fire self-rescue drills. Promotion of firefighting knowledge and cultivation of firefighting awareness through children's videos, children's programs of broadcast, TV and children's publications are effective methods.

For the improvement of the traditional and conservative way of propagating fire knowledge, we should comply with the development of the times and fully utilize the Internet, radio and television media, and believe that we can achieve a multiplier effect. There is also a serious problem in our country that citizens have a weak sense of fire protection and lack the necessary self-help skills. Chinese people often feel lucky for fires and feel far away from themselves. Even if it happened, think that it was only the fire department. Knowledge of fire prevention that is closely related to their daily life and work, as well as common knowledge about early fire fighting, is not very well known. Therefore, fire prevention and fire control cannot be prevented. There are various kinds of fire hazards in ordinary households, such as carpets, curtains, etc., which do not have fire performance, homes dragging wires, modifying electrical appliances and setting up private gas pipelines.

In light of the shortcomings in China's fire supervision and law enforcement, it is imperative to strengthen the fire supervision and law enforcement work. First, the focus of fire supervision should be placed on strengthening the prevention and control of serious fires. These include strengthening the renovation of flammable combustible materials in public places, rigorously reviewing the fire protection design of construction projects, increasing investigation efforts, and reducing the possibility of fire. In addition, the integrity of the building's firefighting facilities must be strictly inspected. The firefighting facilities are related to whether the firefighters can put out fires in a timely manner. We must urge all units to establish awareness of responsibility for fire safety, establish work mechanisms such as evaluation, and establish a stable and long-term standardized management system to fully enhance the ability of units to resist fire risks. Clearly define the fire supervision and management functions of the police station and alleviate the lack of fire supervision.

In the field of training and development of firefighting technical personnel, the current form of fire education in China is mainly based on academic education, supplemented by short-term training, and is mainly led by graduate education at the level of education, undergraduate education, professional education and vocational training, and In order to implement the new requirements of the new "Fire Protection Law" for firefighting technicians, it is proposed to increase the qualification training for public security fire posts and the professional master's degree education for professional-level public security firefighting teams and social firefighting professions or the starting point of the fire course for undergraduates. Second bachelor degree education. The increase in qualification training for public security fire posts is mainly aimed at training and educating post qualifications for personnel who are engaged in the work of fire supervision and fire control and rescue command in fire protection agencies of public security agencies. In addition, professional master's degree education in professional-level public security firefighting teams and social firefighting professions or second-degree bachelor's degree education in local undergraduate courses is added. With the heavy and complex task of fire fighting, this kind of education is facing a great period of great accomplishments.

The second section of the material culture construction inspiration

First, there is insufficient

The problems existing in China's fire protection products include the small-scale production, low degree of specialization, production of fire-fighting products, low fire-fighting product quality, low self-innovation, and low technological content. We must learn from Japan and change to an environment-friendly and resource-saving model. The fire-fighting product supervision and management system is not perfect. The enterprises that produce fire-fighting products are still under the supervision of public security fire control agencies. The management mode under the planned economic system is implemented. Enterprises must organize production according to the approval and instructions of fire-fighting organizations. Fire-fighting construction units must select fire-fighting products according to the approval opinions of fire-fighting agencies. The pattern of such management of fire-fighting products and fire-fighting projects has seriously violated the laws of the market economy and constrained the healthy development of the fire-fighting industry. Establish a science and technology innovation system based on fire-fighting product companies and independently develop fire-fighting products.

In terms of building disaster prevention, our country also lags behind Japan. The use of flame-retardant materials in building materials and interior decorations has not been widely used, and high-rise buildings need to be improved and perfected in fire protection design and fire supervision and inspection. In addition, there are fewer flame-retardant products circulating on the market, and the flame-retardant products have not been widely applied to the daily life of ordinary people as in Japan.

Compared with the previous disaster communications technology, our country has improved a lot. Relying on the Internet and communication equipment can quickly respond to the government and ordinary people, but compared with Japan, there is obviously a problem that the disaster information collection and contact network is not systematic and complete. Some remote areas that do not cover communication signals have become a corner of relief. Moreover, China’s communication system mainly relies on the strength of the government and does not give full play to the role of all sectors of society.

Second, inspiration

Strengthening the construction of fire-fighting material culture must improve the fire-fighting facilities. The government and all units should increase their capital investment and strengthen the maintenance of the building's fire-fighting facilities such as automatic fire protection systems, fire hydrant systems, fire door systems, emergency lighting systems, and mobile fire extinguisher systems to ensure that they can operate normally. 'Intensify investment in scientific research and use high technology to develop new types of fire fighting products, as well as scrap metal, scrapped fire extinguishers, and expired fire extinguishing agents generated during the recycling process. Only by doing basic construction work on weekdays can we not panic in the face of disasters.

In order to avoid the occurrence of large-scale fires as much as possible and reduce group-death and group-injury, it is necessary to do a good job of building fire-retardant work. Through legislation, we will vigorously develop non-combustible building materials, improve the fire resistance of the building and standardize it. In addition to building materials, it is also necessary to do a good job of making the decorative materials flame-retardant. Interior decoration must prohibit the use of flammable materials. Indoor furnishings and accessories such as beds, sofas, carpets, and curtains must be flame-retardant products. “These regulations must be strictly followed in accordance with legal procedures after being legally determined. With the accelerating pace of urbanization, the number of high-rise buildings is increasing rapidly. Fires in high-rise buildings are usually due to violations of the fire control system and internal facilities are not Fire prevention requirements and weak firefighting awareness, etc. High-rise buildings have the characteristics of rapid fire spread, large number of people causing difficulty in evacuation, and large-scale disaster relief. Therefore, we must learn how Japan responds to fire protection of high-rise buildings. Take necessary measures to prevent high-rise building fires and reduce losses. First, fire safety must be fully considered at the time of design. Any project design that does not meet the fire safety regulations must not be submitted for examination and approval . Second, strengthen the supervision and inspection of high-rise buildings during construction. The construction unit must strictly follow the approval of the design drawings for construction and must not change without authorization . Thirdly, the evacuation stairs should be properly designed. Since the elevators cannot work properly during a fire, the stairs as evacuation passages must be designed as smoke prevention stairs or enclosed staircases. Isolation of smoke and toxic gases, slowing the spread of fire ; Fourth, carry out routine maintenance and repair of fire-fighting facilities, regularly inspect and maintain fire-fighting facilities to ensure that they are effective in the event of a fire ; Fifth, perform fire at all levels Safety responsibilities, establish and improve various fire safety inspection systems, and attach great importance to the use and handling of fires in daily life. Any major disasters are brewed from small things. In the face of the incompleteness of the communication network system in the event of a disaster in our country, we should fully learn from Japan and establish a complete set of information collection and contact systems. It can follow the example of Japan's establishment of a fire prevention and disaster prevention wireless network and a wireless network for communication to ensure that businesses, families, and individuals can receive information about disasters at the earliest opportunity and take necessary measures to cope with the disaster.

The Enlightenment of the Third Section of System Culture Construction

First, there is insufficient

China's fire protection law system includes fire laws, administrative regulations, local regulations, local government regulations, and technical standards. Compared to Japan's Basic Law for the Prevention of Fire Disasters, Japan's Fire Safety Law of the People's Republic of China, which is equal to its status, was promulgated in 1998 . It has made legal provisions for the purposes, principles, principles, and systems of fire prevention work in China, fire prevention, fire fighting organizations, fire fighting and rescue, fire supervision and legal responsibility. It is a "fundamental law" for the formulation of other fire administrative regulations and technical specifications. Its legislative objectives are : to prevent fires and reduce fire hazards, to protect citizens' personal, property, and public property safety, to safeguard public safety, and to ensure the smooth progress of socialist modernization. At the same time, it emphasized that the protection of citizens' personal safety should be given top priority. The same is the basic law for fire protection. There are obvious shortcomings in China's Fire Protection Law.

In the aspect of firefighting education and education, according to the provisions of China's Fire Protection Law, people's governments at various levels should regularly conduct firefighting education and education to raise citizens' awareness of fire prevention. Administrative departments such as education and labor shall incorporate fire control knowledge into teaching and training content. The relevant departments in charge of news, publishing, broadcasting, film, television, etc., have the obligation to carry out fire safety publicity and education. In addition, it also stipulates that the prevention and suppression of fires is the common responsibility of the whole society. Press and publication, radio, film and television, and propaganda departments should take various forms to do a good job in firefighting propaganda and raise the awareness of civil fire safety. Administrative departments such as education and labor shall incorporate fire control knowledge into teaching and training content. Although the above provisions have been made, they have the disadvantage that no penalties for violation of this provision have been formulated. 'The public security fire department has not organized corresponding agencies and personnel to supervise and manage it. Therefore, it is still a question as to whether these regulations have been implemented. The fire education and training system has yet to be improved. China's current fire education and training are mainly organized by fire protection agencies. The content of fire protection has not yet been incorporated into the education of young children. Social firefighting training organizations are also not sound enough, there is no systematic training content, and there is also lack of standardized teaching materials. Training faculty is weak and funding for training is lacking. Enterprises and institutions usually put production and construction first, and neglected the training of employees on fire safety knowledge, resulting in weak knowledge of employees' fire safety.

In the aspect of voluntary fire protection systems, according to the provisions of the “Fire Protection Law” of the People's Republic of China, the urban people's government shall establish a public security fire brigade and a full-time fire brigade in accordance with the standards for the construction of fire stations set by the state to undertake fire extinguishing work. The town people's government can establish full-time fire brigade and compulsory fire brigade to undertake fire fighting work according to the needs of local economic development and fire fighting work. Regarding this provision, it only proposes that volunteer firefighting teams can be formed, but it does not clearly stipulate how to organize, how to train, and reward. Moreover, the public does not recognize and pay attention to volunteer fire. Therefore, there is no legal guidance and norm, which is very difficult to achieve. With more and more places where there are hidden fire hazards, the work of the public security fire department is increasingly heavy and there is a serious shortage of manpower and material resources. We should establish public welfare organizations or volunteer fire brigades to participate in social firefighting activities. At the same time, it carried out firefighting consulting and propaganda and education work to raise people's awareness of fire prevention, relieve the pressure of the competent department and at the same time make the whole society participate in fire prevention, thereby raising awareness of fire prevention and self-protection. '

In terms of the composition of firefighting forces, the composition of our country's firefighting force mainly includes the public security fire brigade, the enterprise-owned and full-time fire brigade, and the civilian voluntary fire brigade. According to 2003 statistics, every million people in our country there are 1.7 firefighters, while Japan every 10,000 people in 13 firefighters, while the proportion of every 10,000 individuals have a firefighter is a measure of international As an important indicator of the development level of the national fire-fighting force, China is still far away from Japan in firepower. Due to the insufficient number of firefighters, some fires caused losses due to failure to save them in time. At the same time, less government funding for the construction of the fire, about $ 2 billion per year, per capita is about 1.7 yuan. Second, China's fire equipment is backward, unable to meet the needs of fire fighting and rescue. Modern large-tonnage water tankers, climbing cars, rescue vehicles and other serious shortages, for some problems encountered in special operations, the existing fire-fighting equipment can not meet the needs, such as high-rise building fire water supply and rescue, underground fire row Smoke, communications and lighting issues. Once again, the main force of our fire brigade is the public security fire brigade, but the members of the fire brigade, that is, the firefighters’ professional quality of fire protection are not high.

Second, inspiration

Firefighting propaganda is an important way to promote the socialization of firefighting work, and its degree of socialization directly reflects the degree of socialization of firefighting. China's fire education should also learn from Japan. From children, we should bring fire safety education to schools so that children can develop good fire prevention and disaster prevention habits and strengthen their self-protection and self-rescue ability. Firefighting instructors can be invited to lectures in schools, and firefighting knowledge can be popularized through practical activities such as firefighting games. It is also one of the important ways to carry out the popularization and publicity of family fire science. Family fire protection relies mainly on housewives to raise their awareness of fire safety and can drive the entire family. To promote the use of household appliances properly, how to properly use the family fire extinguishers to carry out initial fire extinguishing and how to escape the basics of knowledge, to effectively improve the family's fire safety awareness and the ability to fight fires